Figure Sculpture in Wax and Plaster (Dover Art Instruction)

"Figure Sculpture In Wax And Plaster" by Richard Miller is mainly about how to use materials, not about the shapes in a human figure. You learn things such as how to mix plaster as opposed to how to sculpt the muscles of the arms and legs. The book focuses on the "direct" use of wax and plaster. In the "direct" method, wax figures are created by using wax as one would use modeling clay, not by casting wax in a mold. Plaster figures are created by putting plaster and burlap on armatures. "Direct" wax or plaster sculpture has a rough and lumpy surface. (The figures on the cover of the book are an honest representation of what can be attained.) These methods are not useful to people who want to make scale models or highly realistic figures with smooth surfaces.The book also has some projects involving casting wax and plaster.The most outstanding feature of this book is the overall organization of its projects. They provide a gradual introduction to the materials. This would be a useful reference for art teachers who want to design a course that gives students substantial work but doesn't expect them to make great leaps.The Dover edition is a reprint of a 40 year old work. The technology of wax and plaster has not changed much. However, don't expect to find any hints about using modern materials such as epoxy putty or acrylic varnish as accessories in the sculpting process. The book has a 1970's attitude toward safety and environmental hazards. If that is your own outlook then you can happily heat a mixture of petroleum jelly and kerosene in a double boiler or melt a pot of lead on your stove. From a modern perspective, some procedures in the book are only for workshops set apart from living quarters and food preparation.The book has many photographs. All are black and white. They are not high resolution, not on glossy paper, but adequate to convey useful information.Contents and a few notes:Foreword page 5Introduction page 91 The Figure page 11This section gives generalities about figure sculpture and many photographs that appear to be of small figure sculptures about the size of the projects described in the book - say 8 to 12 inches tall. A few of these figures have a smooth surface, so I suspect they were not created by the "direct" methods show in the text. They may have been carved or cast in a mold from a non-wax, non-plaster original.2 Conceptual Tools page 33A fairly abstract discussion of how shape and proportion are used in sculpture3 Working with wax page 48Describes various waxes, gives formulas for making modified waxes.4 Sketching A Small Figure in WaxShows modeling a small wax figure of a stooping woman in modeling wax. (I estimate she would be about 9 inches tall if standing.)5 Modeling On A Wax Armature page 59The small wax figures shown in this book do not need armatures for support. An armature, itself made of wax, is a useful guide to getting the proportions of a figure correct. This project uses a wax armature resembling a stick figure. The armature can be built from rods of wax made by rolling wax on a surface or by casting it into rods. (The casting of rods and armatures is a later project in the book.) More wax is added over the armature to create a standing female nude about 9 inches tall6 Hollow Wax Modelling page 65This project uses wax pressed into sheets to create a hollow sculpture of a female torso about 1 ft tall.7 Working With Plaster page 72Describes the types of plaster ( "soft" Plaster Of Paris vs "hard" Gypsum cement)Describes tools for working with plaster. Lists shellac as a sealer for materials that come in contact for plaster. (From a modern point of view, there might be better materials, ones that don't use a solvent as flammable as alcohol .)8 Getting The Feel Of Plaster page 82The first project in this section is to construct a simple tower of plaster about 2 ft tall by making a succession of small pours of plaster, one on top of the other, and shaping the sides with a rasp or chisel. The student learns how to mix plaster and gets an idea of how quickly it hardens.The second project to sculpt a small seated figure ( I estimate it would be about 10 inches tall if standing.) A wet slab of plaster is cut into pieces. After the pieces harden, they are assembled with additional plaster to form the figure.9 Modeling The Figure Directly In Plaster page 94In the first project, metal rods are used to construct an armature that is attached to a board as a base. A standing figure about 2 ft tall is constructed by putting strips of burlap soaked in plaster over the armature.In the second project, a metal pipe and wire mesh ("chicken wire") are used to construct an armature for a female torso about 18 inches tall. Burlap strips soaked in plaster are applied over the armature.10 Casting Wax From Plaster Molds page page 110This chapter does not show any wax figures being cast. The projects involve casting slabs of wax, rods of wax or flat "stick figures" , which can be reshaped into wax armatures for figure sculptures. Simple one and two-piece molds are used.11 Making Plaster Molds From Original Wax Sculptures page 122The project is to make a hollow plaster cast of a female torso about 18 inches tall from a wax sculpture. A once piece mold is used. The fact that his figure has a wide base is utilized to scoop out the wax from the mold and to insert burlap and plaster into the mold to make the cast.The second project is to cast a figure from lead using the "lost wax" process. Two ways of making a mold are discussed. One involves using plaster and burlap. The other ( only possible for small figures) is pour a shell of plaster around the original. The wax is melted out of the mold by boiling the mold in water instead of burning the wax out in a furnace. The mold is thoroughly dried. Then the figure is cast in lead.Appendix page 152Working With WaxThis section discusses specific brands of waxes and companies that sold them (as of 1971, I assume)It explains how to make an alcohol lamp with a blow pipe by modifying an oil can. (Such a lamp is used for melting and welding wax.)Working With PlasterThe section discusses specific types of plasters and their properties. Points out that plaster sold at hardware stores is generally unsuitable for sculpture. Lists companies that sell plaster ( as of 1971). Explains finishes that can be used on plaster.Working With MetalsThis section discusses the specific types of metals suitable for casting sculpture and their properties.Information On MoldsOne page of advice on storing molds and slush castingMiscellaneous InformationLists sources for art supplies.Index page 173Photo Credits page 175I rate this book as three stars out of five to indicate that it is an average introduction to sculpture with wax and plaster. In the 1970's it was a four star book. It's still good as a course outline.

This book uses figure studies, already familiar to the student who has worked in two dimensions, as a focus for learning various methods of working in wax and plaster.The first chapter is a brief introduction to sculptural figures, with examples of solitary bronzes and multifigure works. There is a discussion of the art of sculptural composition and a general mention of the writer's working philosophy. The illustrations appear to be chosen from bronzes which can best show the potential of wax as a primary sculpting material.The second chapter discusses conceptual tools used by the sculptor by defining 'sculptural analogy', defining schematics, points, lines, planes, plumbs, et cetera. This is followed by explanation of artistic considerations including gesture, proportion and anatomy.Chapter three explains properties of the wax itself, recipes, tools and basic material handling techniques.Chapter four continues this discussion in the context of step by step, start to finish instruction in how to model a wax figure. The illustrations in this chapter are very detailed so it is as if Miller is lecturing as we watch him in his studio. He uses a wax which is somewhat harder than the commercial modeling wax I'm used to, but the principles are the same and the added steps demonstrating how to prepare a harder wax are appreciated.Chapter five discusses the use of an armature, a process which differs significantly from armature use for clay sculpture. All through these chapters he introduces various tools and procedures in a logical and natural way, building on previous discussions in a very well thought out manner.Chapter six is a pictorial chapter demonstrating the facility by which hollow sculpture can be made using wax.Chapter seven is the introduction to plaster, its properties, mixing, et cetera.Chapter eight focuses on exercises by which one may become comfortable with plaster's use. He discusses methods of addition, subtraction, and the tools involved in plaster sketching.Chapter nine walks the reader through detailed written and pictorial discussion of direct figure sculpture in plaster and burlap, then with hollow chicken wire forms. Again, it is as if you were there in the studio.Chapters ten and eleven discuss respectively the making of waxes using plaster molds and the making of plaster molds from wax originals. These are again quite detailed instructions and are very easy to follow. Spruing and venting are discussed, as are ways of reinforcing the molds. Finally he demonstrates a simple burnout and metal casting procedure. He uses lead, but the process is nearly the same as that used for pewter or pot metal. (Techniques used for low temperature metal casting differ a good bit from those used to make bronzes, but this isn't a book about bronze.)The book ends with a generous appendix, discussing further details about tools and processes, and an easy to use index.

Figure Sculpture in Wax and Plaster absolutely met my expectations after reading reviews that stated this was an old book with possibly old techniques etc. What I love about old Dover art publications is that they are "old style" true teaching books. They take you step by step and give practical advise and tips. Present day art books are lame by comparison. If you want to sculpt in wax or plaster, this is a good book to start with, then find out what updated materials and methods may be of help by going to your local art store that has informed artists as salespersons, and searching the internet for updated methods and materials. If you're on a slim budget, get this book and some gloves to protect your hands, a mask to protect from dust, use a well very ventilated area and use your common sense. Do the exercises to develop a sense of timing when working with plaster. There are many different types of wax available today and you need to find out about them before launching a project. Classes at a local community college may also be of great benefit to get you started.

Youtube is great but sometimes you want a good old book for reference. This is one of those cases for me. This is actually the second time I've purchased the book. My original never made it back to me after being lent out. This book really inspired me to start working in wax; something I really have to come to love. Highly recommended resource.

This book shows you in detail how to sculpt the figure in wax and plaster. It is full of pictures and detailed information . I'm casting aluminum sculptures in my home studio . I'm working towards bronzes and this book is perfect for me .

Very informative with great technical information. New techniques which I had not dealt with even after level 2 C & G mould making course

There are very few books on actually working directly in plaster.This one does and lots of useful imformation.l would highly recommend this book.

Accessible and pictorial inspirational

Arrived as expected

Usefull book.